Hannah Arendt (/ ˈ ɛər ə n t, ˈ ɑːr-/, US also / ə ˈ r ɛ n t /, German: [ˈaːʁənt]; 14 October – 4 December ) was a German-born American political theorist. Many of her books and articles have had a lasting influence on political theory and philosophy. Arendt is widely considered one of the most important political thinkers of the 20th century Epicureanism argued that pleasure was the chief good in life. Hence, Epicurus advocated living in such a way as to derive the greatest amount of pleasure possible during one's lifetime, yet doing so moderately in order to avoid the suffering incurred by overindulgence in such pleasure. Emphasis was placed on pleasures of the mind rather than on physical pleasures Oct 13, · 2, Likes, Comments - University of South Carolina (@uofsc) on Instagram: “Do you know a future Gamecock thinking about #GoingGarnet? �� ••• Tag them to make sure they apply ”
Epicureanism - Wikipedia
Many of her books and articles have had a lasting influence on political theory and philosophy. Arendt is widely considered one of the most important political thinkers of the 20th century.
Arendt was born in Lindena district of Hanoverinto a Jewish family. At the age of three, her family moved to Königsbergthe capital of East Prussiaso that her father's syphilis could be treated.
Paul Arendt had contracted the disease in his youth, and it was thought to be in remission when Arendt was born. He died when she was seven. Arendt was raised in a politically progressive, secular family. Her mother was an ardent supporter of the Social Democrats. After completing her secondary education in Berlin, she studied at the University of Marburg under Martin Heideggerwith whom she had a brief affair.
She obtained her doctorate in philosophy writing on Love and Saint Augustine at the University of Heidelberg in under the direction of the existentialist philosopher Karl Jaspers.
Hannah Arendt married Günther Stern inbut soon began to encounter increasing anti-Jewish discrimination in s Nazi Germany. Inthe year Adolf Hitler came to power, Arendt was arrested and briefly imprisoned by the Gestapo for performing illegal research into antisemitism in Nazi Germany.
On release, she fled Germany, living doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women Czechoslovakia and Switzerland before settling in Paris.
There she worked for Youth Aliyahassisting young Jews to emigrate to the British Mandate of Palestine now Israel. Divorcing Stern inshe married Heinrich Blücher inbut when Germany invaded France in she was detained by the French as an alien, despite having been stripped of her German citizenship in She escaped and made her way to the United States in via Portugal.
She settled in New York, which remained her principal residence for the rest of her life. She became a writer and editor and worked for the Jewish Cultural Reconstructionbecoming an American citizen in With the publication of The Origins of Totalitarianism inher reputation as a thinker and writer was established and a series of works followed.
These included the books The Human Condition inas well as Eichmann in Jerusalem and On Revolution in She taught at many American universities, while declining tenure-track appointments. She died suddenly of a heart attack inat the age of 69, leaving her last work, The Life of the Mindunfinished. Her doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women cover a broad range of topics, but she is best known for those dealing with the nature of power and evilas well as politics, direct democracyauthorityand totalitarianism.
In the popular mind she is best remembered for the controversy surrounding the trial of Adolf Eichmannher attempt to explain how ordinary people become actors in totalitarian doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women, which was considered by some an apologiaand for the phrase " the banality of evil ", doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women.
She is commemorated by institutions and journals devoted to her thinking, the Hannah Arendt Prize for political thinking, and on stamps, street names and schools, amongst other things.
Hannah Arendt was born Johanna Arendt [17] [18] in into a comfortable educated secular family of German Jews in LindenPrussia now a part of Hanoverin Wilhelmine Germany. Her family were merchants of Russian extraction doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women Königsberg[a] the East Prussian capital. Arendt's grandparents were members of the Reform Jewish community there. Hannah's paternal grandfather, Max Arendt [ de ] —was a prominent businessman, local politician, [19] one of the leaders of the Königsberg Jewish community and a member of the Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens Central Organization for German Citizens of the Jewish Faith.
Like other members of the Centralverein he primarily saw himself as a German and disapproved of the activities of Zionistssuch as the young Kurt Blumenfeld —who was a frequent visitor to their home and would later become one of Hannah's mentors.
Of Max Arendt's children, Paul Arendt — was an engineer and Henriette Arendt — was a policewoman who became a social worker. Hannah was the only child of Doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women and Martha Arendt née Cohn —[22] who were married on 11 April She was named after her paternal grandmother. The Arendts had reached Germany from Russia a century earlier. Hannah's parents were better educated and politically more to the left than her grandparents, doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women, both being members of the Social Democrats[17] rather than the German Democratic Party that most of their contemporaries supported.
Paul Arendt was educated at the Albertina University of Königsberg. Though he worked as an engineer, he prided himself on his love of Classics, doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women. He collected a large library, in which Doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women immersed herself. Martha Cohn, a musician, had studied for three years in Paris. In the first four years of their marriage, the Arendts lived in Berlin, where they were supporters of the socialist journal Sozialistische Monatshefte.
For years afterward, Hannah had to have annual WR tests for congenital syphilis. She also received religious instruction from the rabbiHermann Vogelstein, who would come to her school for that purpose.
At the time the young Hannah confided that she wished to marry him when she grew up. It was a social circle of high standards and ideals. As she recalled it:. My early intellectual formation occurred in an atmosphere where nobody paid much attention to moral questions; we were brought up under the assumption: Das Moralische versteht sich von selbstmoral conduct is a matter of course, doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women.
This time was a particularly favorable period for the Jewish community in Königsberg, an important center of the Haskalah enlightenment. You can hardly realize how serious we were about it. In the last two years of the First World WarHannah's mother organized social democratic discussion groups and became a follower of Rosa Luxemburg — as socialist uprisings broke out across Germany. InMartha Cohn married Martin Beerwald —[c] an ironmonger and widower of four years, and they moved to his home, two blocks away, at Busoldstrasse 6, [41] [42] providing Hannah with improved social and financial security.
Hannah was 14 at the time and acquired two older stepsisters, Clara — and Eva — Hannah Arendt's mother, who considered herself progressive, sought to raise her daughter along strict Goethean lines, which amongst other things, involved the reading of the complete works of Goethe, often summed up in the phrase from Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship as — Was aber ist deine Pflicht? Die Forderung des Tages And just what is your duty? The demands of the day. Goethe, at the time, was considered the essential mentor of Bildung educationthe conscious formation of mind, body and spirit.
The key elements were considered to be self-discipline, constructive channeling of passion, renunciation and responsibility for others, doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women. Hannah's developmental progress Entwicklung was carefully documented by her mother in a book, which she titled Unser Kind Our Child and measured her against the benchmark of what was then considered normale Entwicklung "normal development". Arendt attended kindergarten from where her precocity impressed her teachers and enrolled in the Szittnich School, Königsberg Hufen-Oberlyzeumon Bahnstrasse in August[44] but her studies there were interrupted by the outbreak of World Doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women I, doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women, forcing the family to temporarily flee to Berlin on 23 Augustin the face of the advancing Russian army.
After ten weeks, when Königsberg appeared to be no longer threatened, the Arendts were able to return, [45] where they spent the remaining war years at her grandfather's house. Arendt's precocity continued, learning ancient Greek as a child, [46] writing poetry in her teenage years, [47] and starting both a philosophy club and Greek Graecae at her school. She was fiercely independent in her schooling and a voracious reader, [e] absorbing French and German literature and poetry committing large amounts to heart and philosophy.
By the age of 14, she had read KierkegaardJaspers ' Psychologie der Weltanschauungen and Kant 's Kritik der reinen Vernunft Critique of Pure Reason. Kant, whose home town was also Königsberg, was doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women important influence on her thinking, and it was Kant who had written about Königsberg that "such a town is the right place for gaining knowledge concerning men and the world even without travelling".
Arendt attended the Königin-Luise-Schule for her secondary education, doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women, a girls' Gymnasium on Landhofmeisterstrasse. Among them was Ernst Grumach —who introduced her to his girlfriend, Anne Mendelssohn, [f] who would become a lifelong friend. When Anne moved away, Ernst became Arendt's first romantic relationship. Like Arendt, Anne would go on to become a philosopher, obtaining her doctorate at Hamburg, [48] while Ernst became a philologist.
Arendt's education at the Luise-Schule ended in when she was expelled at the age of 15 for leading a boycott of a teacher who insulted her. Instead, her mother arranged for her to go to Berlin to be doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women Social Democrat family friends.
In Berlin she lived in a student residence and audited courses of her choosing at the University of Berlin —including classics and Christian theology under Romano Guardini. This enabled her to successfully sit the entrance examination Abitur for the University of Marburgdoctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women, where Ernst Grumach had studied under Martin Heideggerwho had been appointed a professor there in For the examination, her mother engaged a private tutor, while her aunt Frieda Arendt, [g] a teacher, also helped her, and Frieda's husband Ernst Aron provided financial assistance for her to attend university.
In Berlin, Guardini had introduced her to Kierkegaard, and she resolved to make theology her major field. Heidegger had broken doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women from the intellectual movement started by Edmund Husserlwhose assistant he had been at University of Freiburg before coming to Marburg. Although Heidegger had dedicated the first edition of Being and Time to Edmund Husserl, Husserl gave the book a poor review, and in the second edition Heidegger removed that dedication.
In his classes he and his students struggled with the meaning of "Being" as they worked together through Aristotle 's concept of ἀλήθεια truth and Plato 's Sophist. Arendt was restless. To date her studies had not been either emotionally or intellectually satisfying. She was ready for passion, finishing her poem Trost Consolation, with the lines:. Die Stunden verrinnen, Die Tage vergehen, Es bleibt ein Gewinnen Das blosse Bestehen.
The hours run down The days pass on. One achievement remains: Merely being alive [60]. Her encounter with Heidegger doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women a dramatic departure from the past. He was handsome, a genius, romantic, and taught doctoral dissertation ancient egyptian women thinking and "aliveness" were but one. Nevertheless, he remained one of the most profound influences on her thinking, [63] and he would later relate that she had been the inspiration for his work on passionate thinking in those days.
They agreed to keep the details of the relationship a secret, preserving their letters but keeping them unavailable. Nevertheless, the affair was not well known untilwhen Elzbieta Ettinger gained access to the sealed correspondence [65] and published a controversial account that was used by Arendt's detractors to cast doubt on her integrity. That account, [i] which caused a scandal, was subsequently refuted.
At Marburg, Arendt lived at Lutherstrasse 4. Another fellow student of Heidegger's was Jonas' friend, the Jewish philosopher Gunther Siegmund Stern — — son of the noted psychologist Ludwig Wilhelm Stern — who would later become her first husband. In the summer ofwhile home at Königsberg, Arendt composed her sole autobiographical piece, Die Schatten The Shadowsa "description of herself" [72] [73] addressed to Heidegger.
Her relationship with Heidegger, she refers to as Eine starre Hingegebenheit an ein Einziges An unbending devotion to a unique man. After a year at Marburg, Arendt spent a semester at Freiburg, attending the lectures of Husserl. Ein philosophischer Beitrag zur Genesis der christlich-abendländischen Freiheitsidee[l] and also a group of three young philosophers: Karl FrankensteinErich Neumann and Erwin Loewenson.
She also became reacquainted with Kurt Blumenfeld, at a lecture, who introduced her to Jewish politics. At Heidelberg, she lived in the old town Altstadt near the castleat Schlossberg The house was demolished in the s, but the one remaining wall bears a plaque commemorating her time there see image. On completing her dissertation, Arendt turned to her Habilitationsschriftinitially on German Romanticism, [85] and hence an academic teaching career.
However was also the year of the Depression and the end of the golden years Goldene Zwanziger of the Weimar Republicwhich was to become increasingly unstable over its remaining four years.
Hatshepsut - Greatest Female Pharaoh - Ancient Egypt
, time: 8:30
Hannah Arendt (/ ˈ ɛər ə n t, ˈ ɑːr-/, US also / ə ˈ r ɛ n t /, German: [ˈaːʁənt]; 14 October – 4 December ) was a German-born American political theorist. Many of her books and articles have had a lasting influence on political theory and philosophy. Arendt is widely considered one of the most important political thinkers of the 20th century Epicureanism argued that pleasure was the chief good in life. Hence, Epicurus advocated living in such a way as to derive the greatest amount of pleasure possible during one's lifetime, yet doing so moderately in order to avoid the suffering incurred by overindulgence in such pleasure. Emphasis was placed on pleasures of the mind rather than on physical pleasures Oct 13, · 2, Likes, Comments - University of South Carolina (@uofsc) on Instagram: “Do you know a future Gamecock thinking about #GoingGarnet? �� ••• Tag them to make sure they apply ”
No comments:
Post a Comment