Attachment parenting (AP) is a parenting philosophy that proposes methods aiming to promote the attachment of parent and infant not only by maximal parental empathy and responsiveness but also by continuous bodily closeness and touch. The term attachment parenting was coined by the American pediatrician William blogger.com is no conclusive body of research that shows Sears’ approach to be Find parenting advice, information, skills and guidance from blogger.com We provide information to moms and dads about pregnancy, baby names, ovulation, raising child, pregnancy tips, parenting style, teen issues etc. We are India's number one parenting website "No, but look! This whole essay - 'To the Royal Academy.' He wrote a whole essay on farts!" Dan grinned with delight. "He's proposing a scientific study on different fart smells. You're right, Amy. This guy was a genius!” ― Rick Riordan, The Maze of Bones
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Attachment parenting AP is a parenting philosophy that proposes methods aiming to promote the attachment of parent and infant not only by maximal parental empathy and responsiveness but also by continuous bodily closeness and touch. Attachment parenting is just one of many responsiveness and love-oriented parenting philosophies that entered the pedagogical mainstream after World War IIand it owes many of its ideas to older teachings, such as Benjamin Good parenting essay 's influential handbook Good parenting essay and Child Care Spock had mothers advised to raise their infants according to their own common sense and with plenty of physical contact — a guideline that radically broke with the preceding doctrines of L.
Emmett Holt and John B. Watson ; the book became a bestseller, and Spock's new child rearing concept greatly influenced the upbringing of the post-war generations. Thirty years later, Jean Liedloff caused a stir by a " continuum concept " that she presented to the public in a book of the same title In Venezuela, Liedhoff had studied Ye'kuana peopleand later she recommended to Western mothers to nurse and to wear their infants and to share their bed with them.
She argued that infants, speaking in terms of evolutionhave not arrived in the modernity yet, so that today's way of child care — with bottle feeding, use of cribs and baby carriages, good parenting essay, etc. Indevelopmental psychologist Aletha Solter published her book The Aware Baby about a parenting philosophy that advocates attachment, extended breastfeeding and abstinence from punishment, similarly to what William Sears later wrote; however, the point that Solter stressed most was an encouragement of the child's emotional expression in order to heal stress and trauma.
In the s, T. Berry Brazelton invigorated the discussion. He contributed new research about good parenting essay capacity of newborn infants to express themselves and their emotions, sensitized parents for these signals, and encouraged them — just like Spock — good parenting essay follow their own judgment.
William Sears came upon the term "attachment parenting" in by reading Liedloff. The good parenting essay Baby-Bs" were not explicitly presented as a canon yet, but as basic elements of a new parenting philosophy, good parenting essay, they were distinctly clear even at that early point. Ingood parenting essay, William Sears and Martha Sears published The Baby Book which became the first comprehensive manual for AP-parents and which was occasionally dubbed "the attachment parenting bible".
All three books stood — with their opposition against a crude behavioristic infant anthropology — in the tradition of Spock, but radicalized the concept of a contingency-oriented parenting on the one hand, and incorporated Liedloff's idea of an instinct-guided resp.
In the same year as Sears and Sears' Attachment Parenting BookJan Hunt published her essay good parenting essay The Natural Child. Parenting from the Heart. Hunt who sees herself as a child advocatecampaigned in this book not only for attachment parenting, but also for unschooling. Like before him the founders of attachment theory, Mary Ainsworth in particular, William Sears teaches that a strong mother-child-attachment emerges from contingency, that is of emotional attunement of mother and child, which again is based on the mother's sensitivity.
Since the mother "reads" the signals of her infant, good parenting essay, Sears speaks in this context of "babyreading". William Sears strongly believes in the existence of child rearing practices that support "babyreading" and that augment maternal sensitivity. UntilSears named only five Baby Bs. The last two were only added in with the publication of the Attachment Parenting Book. William Sears postulates the existence of a brief time slot immediately after birth during which the newborn is in a "quiet alert state" and particularly accessible for bonding.
He refers to this birth bonding as " imprinting " and bases himself on a good parenting essay by Drs, good parenting essay. Marshall Klaus and John Kennell from ; however, Klaus and Kennell later modified their original assumptions, including the one cited by Sears.
William Sears argues that breastfeeding greatly accommodates mother-child-attachment because it triggers the release of oxytocin in the mother which supports her emotional bonding with the child, notably in the first ten days after childbirth.
Good parenting essay and Martha Sears advise mothers to breastfeed every child for 1—4 years: [34]. While breastfeeding for only a few months is the cultural norm for Western Society, what we know about breastfeeding in primitive cultures and weaning times for other mammals that human infants were designed to breastfeed for several years. William Sears advocates extended breastfeeding, since he is convinced that breastfeeding supports attachment even of older children and that it is a valid instrument to comfort older children or to bring mother and child together on turbulent days.
Since breastfeeding studies are, for ethical reasons, never conducted as randomized controlled trialscritics have repeatedly suspected that studies may have produced the superiority of breastfeeding as an artifact. Both the physical, emotional and mental development of children and the preferences of women for a feeding method are strongly determined by socioeconomical factors such as the mother's ethnicitysocial classand education.
If researchers go without randomization and turn a blind eye to those possible alternative factors, they fundamentally run a risk to falsely credit the feeding method for effects of socioeconomical factors.
Colen Ohio State Universitywho successfully factored out socioeconomical determinants by comparing siblings only; her study demonstrated that formula fed children showed good parenting essay minimal differences to their breastfed siblings, insofar as their physical, emotional and mental thriving was concerned.
William Sears' assumptions about the benefit of breastfeeding for the attachment have been studied. InJohn R. Britton and a research team Kaiser Permanente found that highly sensitive mothers are more likely than less sensitive mothers to breastfeed and to breastfeed over a long time period.
However, the study showed no effect of the feeding method on the attachment quality. Sears advises mothers to wear infants on the body as many hours during the day as possible, for example in a sling.
Ina research team from New York revealed in a randomized study that children of lower class mothers who to the age of 13 months spent a lot of time in a child carrier on their mother's body showed significantly more frequently a secure attachment as defined by Ainsworth than the control group children, who spend more time in an infant seat, good parenting essay. Sears argues furthermore that babywearing exercises the child's sense of balance ; since a child who is worn on the mother's experiences more of her conversations, he believes that babywearing is also beneficial for the child's language acquisition.
It is undisputed that babywearing can calm children down. Infants cry the most at the age of six weeks; ina research team at McGill University showed in a randomized study that infants of that age cried significantly less if their parents wore them a lot on the body during the day. William Sears states that any sleeping arrangement that a family practices is acceptable as long as it works; but he advises mother to sleep close to the child.
The idea of co-sleeping was not new in modern Western societies; as early as inTine Thevenin had campaigned for the "family bed". Sudden infant death syndrome SIDS is a very rare incident; it occurs in less than ½ per mill of all infants. James J. McKenna has discovered that co-sleeping mothers and infants not only synchronize their sleep-wake-rhythmgood parenting essay, but their breathing, good parenting essay, too; he therefore reasons that co-sleeping lowers the SIDS risk.
Otherwise, no increased risk was associated with bed sharing. Consumer Product Safety Commission also warns against co-sleeping. In general, research doesn't confirm an advantage of co-sleeping over separate beds, good parenting essay. A meta study from Israel has pointed out in that sleeping aids such as pacifiers and teddy bears significantly improve the child's sleep, while co-sleeping and frequent nighttime breastfeeding if anything hinder the formation of wholesome sleeping patterns.
William Sears determines crying as the child's pivotal mean of self-expression. In general, Sears argues that infants should never be left crying because this would harm them. Berry Brazelton had shown in a study that a certain amount of crying in young infants does not indicate emotional or physical problems, good parenting essay, but is to be considered normal and harmless.
William Sears names two reasons why infants should not undergo sleep training : he believes that infant training hardens the mother emotionally and that children who underwent such training don't sleep better but merely resign and become apathica state that he refers to as "shutdown syndrome", although a condition of good parenting essay name doesn't exist in DSM or ICD. Sears argues that advocates of sleep training are professionally incompetent and merely business oriented, and that there is no scientific proof that sleep training is beneficial for children.
For parents and particularly for mothers, attachment parenting is more strenuous and demanding than most other present-day ways of parenting, good parenting essay, placing high responsibility on them without allowing for a support network of helpful friends or family.
William Sears is fully aware of the arduousness of the methods. Sears finds the burden of attachment parenting just and reasonable, and describes the opponents of this philosophy as "authoritarian males caught up in their role of advice giver". She argues that the low reputation that breastfeeding, namely extended breastfeeding in the Western world has, arises from a sexualization of the female breast: from the perspective of a sexistic society, the breast "belongs" to men, not to children.
Since attachment parenting poses a considerable challenge to the reconcilability of motherhood and female careerthe philosophy has been greatly criticized, most notably in the context of the attachment parenting controversy from Sears states that in attachment families, parents and children practice a highly developed and sophisticated type of communication that makes it unnecessary for parents to use good parenting essay such as scolding; often, all it takes is a mere frown.
He is convinced that children who trust their parents are cooperative and don't resist parental guidance. As studies have shown, it is indeed possible to use discipline strategies that are sensitive [87] and, therefore, one should not equate discipline and insensitive caregiving.
Like Benjamin Spock before good parenting essay, William and Martha Sears consider their parenting philosophy as a common sense and instinct-guided ad hoc way of parenting. Our ideas about attachment parenting are based on thirty-plus years of parenting our own eight children and observing moms and dads whose parenting choices seemed to make sense and whose children we liked.
We have witnessed the effects this approach to parenting has on children. Despite the lack of a consistent theory, William and Martha Sears consider attachment parenting scientifically proven:. Critics consider a lack of a consistent theoretical foundation — notably the lack of precise definitions of the fundamental terms — a shortcoming of the attachment parenting concept.
The concept of mutual emotional fine-tuning has been known in psychology since Franz Mesmerwho introduced it under the term " rapport ", before Freud adopted it for psychoanalysis. In relation to the mother-child-tie, behaviorists and developmental psychologists rather speak of "contingency" today; Daniel Stern coined the term "attunement", good parenting essay, too.
For Williams Sears, attachment parenting is a kind of parenting that is radically characterized good parenting essay maternal responsivity. Within the framework of infant cognitive development studies, the child's attachment to the parents has been well researched. As early as in the late s, good parenting essay, Good parenting essay Winnicott gave a detailed account of the development of the child's attachment; at the latest after the sixth month, healthy children begin to disengage from the mother-child symbiosis quite normally.
However, it was Margaret Mahler who gave the most accurate description of the attachment development during the first three years. He applies it synonymously with terms like trustharmony, closeness, bonding, love bonds, and connection: "Attachment describes the whole caregiving relationship between mother or father and baby.
The readers must therefore assume that attachment is a deeply vulnerable state that never stabilizes and that requires constant reestablishment through incessant sensitivity. Infants are extremely resilient, good parenting essay. The establishment of a secure mother-child attachment is the declared and pivotal goal of attachment parenting. In numerous scientific studies, the normal development of attachment has been well documented. The same applies for deviant or pathological developments.
Problematic or disturbed attachment has been described in three good parenting essay. William Sears uses the terms "lesser quality of attachment", "insecure attachment", and "non-attachment" synonymously. His formulations don't good parenting essay which kind of problematic attachment is meant: reactive attachment disorder ICDdisorganized attachment Ainsworth or the two forms of insecure attachment Ainsworth.
Sears offers a discrimination between good attachment and bad enmeshmentbut again without explaining to his readers how exactly they can identify the difference. It is, therefore, not practices like co-sleeping, babywearing or feeding on cue that Ainsworth identifies as the crucial determinant for a secure attachment, but the maternal sensitivity. The theoretical starting point of attachment parenting — the idea of contingency — would suggest a concept of the infant as a creature who is essentially defined by their feelings and communication.
William Sears, though, good parenting essay, defines infants even more essentially by their needs, good parenting essay. As early as in the s, psychologists such as Abraham Maslow shaped detailed good parenting essay of the human needs; ever since, scientists have made a clear distinction between needs on the one hand and desires on the other hand.
InT. Berry Brazelton, a pioneer in the field of newborn psychology, and child psychiatrist Stanley Greenspan published their book The Irreducible Needs of Childrengood parenting essay, in which good parenting essay re-assessed the term for pediatrics, good parenting essay.
When the Searses published their Attachment Parenting Book one year later, good parenting essay, they responded neither to Maslow nor to Brazelton and Greenspan, but used the word need merely in a colloquial sense, good parenting essay.
Although they stressed that parents must distinguish between good parenting essay and desires of children, in particular of older children, they denied their readers a guideline of how to tell needs and desires apart.
Opponents of attachment parenting have questioned that the behavior of a 3½ year old who still demands to nurse can actually be classified as a need. Most likely the child is seeking consolation. To give a child comfort is an important parental responsibility; but parents are just as well liable to teach their child to take heart by their own power.
How To Write The Best Argumentative Essay - 4 Tips For A Perfect Argumentative Essay
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Find parenting advice, information, skills and guidance from blogger.com We provide information to moms and dads about pregnancy, baby names, ovulation, raising child, pregnancy tips, parenting style, teen issues etc. We are India's number one parenting website You are lucky if your professor gave you specific topics for this kind of essay, but most common practice is to create an argumentative essay topic by students themselves. According to the statistics 89% of student in school, 76% in college and 57% of university students make a mistake when choosing this or that topic for an argumentative essay The Common Features Successful College Essay Contain. A Clear Structured Plan. Having a clear and structured plan is the basis for any good piece of writing, and a college essay is no different. Sit down, think about the story you want to write. Write in bullets, and
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